30 Go to STANDARD and then VIEWPOINT INDICATIONS This is where you set a tail number for your aircraft. If you download a plane and it kicks you out of X-plane and says it needs a tail number, this is the place you'd set it. AIRSPEED INDICATOR - X-plane requires that any of these values starting with 'V' must be set to at least 1 before you can use the aircraft. These values are not what your plane will do, but where the marks will be on the airspeed indicators. Vso - This is the stall speed with full flaps Vs - This is the stall speed without flaps Vfe - This is the maximum speed with flaps deployed Vno - This is maximum speed in rough air Vne - This is the maximum speed this aircraft can fly Mno - This is the maximum mach number this aircraft can attain Gneg - This is the maximum negative g-force the AIRCRAFT , not the pilot, can take without breaking the aircraft. Gpos - This is the maximum positive g-force the AIRCRAFT, not the pilot, can take without breaking the aircraft. PILOTS VIEWPOINT, LANDING LIGHTS, ROTATING BEACON LOCATIONS - This is a big table but is pretty basic. LONG ARM is how far back the item is placed from the zero-point of the fuselage, normally the nose of the aircraft. LAT ARM is how far to the right the item is placed from the zero-point of the fuselage, normally the nose of the aircraft. Use negative numbers if it goes on the left side. VERT ARM is how far up the item is placed from the zero-point of the fuselage, normally the nose of the aircraft. Use neagtive number to be below. UnNamed Column - This is where your eyes are. LANDING LIGHTS - There are three of these. These are the 'headlights' on aircraft. Remember to click on the boxes over the columns to turn these on. ROTATING BEACONS - These are the rotating/blinking red navigation lightsRemember to click on the boxes over the columns to turn these on. LANDING LIGHT ANGLE - This is the angle of the 'headlights'. Many aircraft have these aimed down (negative angle in degrees) so that they can taxi (Taildraggers) HAS STANDARD NAVIGATION LIGHTS - Turn this off if you don't want the fin and wingtip lights. Most often used for military aircraft, truely 'unique' designs, ultralights, and remote control aircraft. HUD TYPE - There are three options. NONE, NORMAL, and HOOPS. Hoops is a special type that displays ILS information and a grid-map of the terrain. HUD LOCATION (X and Y) -This is the location of the center of the HUD display. I believe this is based on a 800x600 screen (x-plane default) HUD size (WIDTH,HEIGHT) - This is the size is pixels of the HUD display. YAW STRING (X and Y) - This is a simple string that is drawn on the screen to help show airflow. Normal found on gliders and helicopters, but can be put on any aircraft. USE KNOTS/MPH - Decides how display will show speed. Default is Knots. AIRCRAFT GEOMETRY VISIBLE FROM AIRCRAFT - Check this if you want to see things like the wings and nose in the views (common in older aircraft with open cockpits). Nice table eh? There really is a lot there, but nothing fancy. Before playing with HUD sizes be aware that oversizing a HUD can cause your aircraft to kick you out of X-plane... start small and work up. 31 Normally I go down every entry for an aircraft, but today we'll just change what needs to be changed. INDICATIONS - Used default Vso - 30 (I guessed) Vs - 50 (I guessed) Vfe - 80 (guess what I did) Vno - 110 (flight testing is your job) Vne - 140 (yup) Mmo - 0 (I don't care about mach limits today) Gneg - 3 (this thing can pull -3 g's before breaking) Gpos - 6 (this thing can pull +6 g's before breaking) VIEWPOINT LONG ARM =3.9 - almost four feet from the nose LAT ARM =0 - I'll sit in the middle VERT ARM = 1.7 - My head is 1.7 feet above the centerline of the aircraft. No special lights today. We will have navigation lights, No HUD, Using default of KNOTS for airspeed Note the values for the HUD, they were put in by default when I cycled through the list of HUD types. 32 Go to STANDARD and then CONTROL GEOMETRY. This is where the plane designed defines the flight control sizes and movements, aerodynamic smoothness, and flap dynamics. CONTROL DIMENSIONS You'll see down the left side of this table most of the different control type available in 'normal' aircraft (advanced controls add more, but that is beyond the scope of this tutorial). CHORD RATIO - This is the length of the chord (remember all that ducking you did?) ,1.0 = the whole thing, that the control uses. If you had a chord of 4ft (sound familiar?) and a chord ratio of 0.25 for the aileron the wing would be 3ft long and the 4th foot would be the aileron. CONTROL DEFLECTION (up/down) If there are two sets of number available, the first is how far up the control goes, in degrees, and the second is how far down. If there is only one number then this control moves both ways the same amount. CONTROL TYPE FOR EFFECTIVENESS - While a little vague, this defines the 'smoothness' and 'craftsmanship' of the aircraft. Cycle through the list to get and idea of the options. FLAP SPECIFICATIONS - here is where you will define your flap settings. This is the simple definition. I'll have a more detailed version of this information in other areas of the website. FLAP TYPE - Here is where you define what kind of flaps your aircraft has. This topic is a tutorial all by itself. Go ahead and cycle through the list to see the various options. CL MAX - This is a lift value that builds on a curve and it added to the wing, with the number listed happening at maximum flap deflection. (what?) - Read my flap tutorial. CD MAX - This is the maximum additional parasitic drag that build from maximum flap defelctiong (what? see CL MAX) CM MAX - This is the additional moment of the airfoil at full deflection. (What? See the flap tutorial and the Glossary) FLAP CHORD - This is like the CHORD RATIO above. Note that the ailerons decide how big you see moving parts if they share space on a wing. If you have a .25 aileron and a .50 flap, it'll look like a .25 flap, BUT it will handle like a .50 sized flap. DETENTS - This is the number of different settings your flaps will have. FLAP DEFLECTION - This is the angle the flap will be at at a given detent (left side is 'up' and right side is 'full down'). New to 5.60 is the ability to make the 'flaps up' value a negative number, this is used by gliders and some supersonic aircraft. DEFLECTION TIME - This sets the speed the flaps deploy. This is how long it would take the flaps to go from being 'up' to 'full down' (the B-52 is 60 seconds, which is a bit extreme for most aircraft) BLOWN FLAPS- Some aircraft (F-104, Buccaneer) have special vents that take some of the high-speed air from the engine and blow it across the flaps to increase lift. SPEED INCREASE OVER FLAPS - This is the amount that the flaps will increase their lift because of the exhaust. If you set this at 20 and you were flying 100 the flaps would behave like they were at 120. MINIMUM ANGLE FOR BLOWN ENGAGEMENT - This is how far the flaps must drop for the 'blowing' to begin THROTTLE REDUCTION FROM BLOWING - This is the percentage of thrust lost due to air from the engine being redirected to the flaps. LEADING EDGE DEVICES - This value is the effectiveness of the LED (slats or dropping leading edges). These improve the lift a wing by delaying the stall of the airfoil, but they also add drag. You can set these to auto-deploy in the advanced controls. If the value is set to 8 and the wing would normally stall at 20 degrees, this would delay the stall until 28 degrees. 33 That was a lot of information, lets add just what we need to fly this bird... AILERON #1 - Chord 0.25 and 20/20 for deflection ELEVATOR - Chord 0.30 and 30/30 deflection (I want to be able to pull up hard if need be) RUDDER - Chord of 0.30 and deflection of 30 CONTROL EFFECTIVNESS - this thing is like a Cessna (we stole a motor from one, so why not) FLAP TYPE - set this to plain. Check the CL CD CM numbers, if they are zero, cycle through the flaps once to get the defaults in to place. FLAP CHORD - 0.25 which on our wings (chord 4ft) means that the flaps are about a foot long. FLAP DETENTS - 3 -we are going to have three flap settings.... FLAP DEFLECTION - 10,20,30 ...which are at ten, twenty, and thirty respectively. DEFLECTION TIME - 1.0 These are fast flaps. No blown flaps (normally on jets anyways). No LED either.